2013年7月23日 星期二

塞利格曼談正面心理

塞利格曼談正面心理






但最終結果,是我希望心理學達成的使命 除了治療心理疾病的使命外 除了使悲慘的人少些苦痛這使命外 是心理學可能使人們更為快樂嗎? 在研究這個問題時--我並不是常使用快樂這字眼的-- 我們需要將快樂細分,成為可以研究快樂的題目 我相信有三個不同種類的快樂 我說它們不同,是因為它們各有不同的調控方法 而且有可能是有一種而沒有另一種 這樣三種不同的快樂生活 第一種快樂生活是愉快的生活 這是一種你擁有最多的正面情緒的生活 而且有技巧去擴大它 第二種快樂是種投入的生活 投入你的工作、你的家庭、你的情愛、你的休閑的生活,時間為你停止 那是以前亞里士多德討論的 第三種的快樂是有意義的生活 我想就這三種各做簡單說明 說明我們對它們的了解
我提到所有的三種生活,愉快的生活 好的生活,有意義的生活,人們現在致力於這問題 有東西可以長久的改變這些生活嗎? 答案看來是是的,我將給你們一些例子 這些是經過嚴謹的研究的 它與測試藥品是否有效有相同的程序 我們用隨機指派、藥劑控制的研究方法 長期研究不同的調控方法 並只採我們發現有效果的調控方法 當我們教人們愉快的生活時 如何在生活中獲得更多的愉快 其中一個你指派的工作是需要使用心思的技巧,有風味的技巧 你被指派要設計美麗的一天 下一個周六排出一天,替你自己設計美麗的一天 運用心思與風味以強化愉快程度 我們可以這樣顯示愉快的生活程度增加


So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future, we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology, a science of what makes life worth living. It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness. And any of you, for free, can go to that website and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness. You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning, for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people? We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities: a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio, how they're defined, how to diagnose them,what builds them and what gets in their way. We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states, the relationship between left hemispheric activity and right hemispheric activity as a cause of happiness.
But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have, in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill, and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable, is can psychology actually make people happier? And to ask that question -- happy is not a word I use very much -- we've had to break it down into what I think is askable about happy. And I believe there are three different -- and I call them different because different interventions build them, it's possible to have one rather than the other --three different happy lives. The first happy life is the pleasant life. This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can, and the skills to amplify it. The second is a life of engagement -- a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you. That's what Aristotle was talking about. And third, the meaningful life. So I want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them.
I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives, the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question, are there things that lastingly change those lives? And the answer seems to be yes. And I'll just give you some samples of it. It's being done in a rigorous manner. It's being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works. So we do random assignment, placebo controlled, long-term studies of different interventions. And just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect, when we teach people about the pleasant life, how to have more pleasure in your life,one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills, the savoring skills, and you're assigned to design a beautiful day. Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day, and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures. And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.
So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance to try to integrate what he heard, and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this. I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much, which was one of the remarkable things. But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel to the problems of technology, entertainment and design in the following way. We all know that technology, entertainment and design have been and can be used for destructive purposes. We also know that technology, entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery. And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important. I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago, that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed, not anxious, not angry, that I'd make them happy. And I never found that. I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero. But they were empty.

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